Fractional exhalation of nitric oxide (FeNO) testing is a non-invasive method used to measure the level of nitric oxide gas in a person's exhaled breath. Nitric oxide is a signaling molecule produced by the cells lining the airways, and elevated levels can indicate inflammation in the lungs, which is often associated with conditions such as asthma.

FeNO testing involves having the patient breathe into a device that analyzes the concentration of nitric oxide in their breath. It provides valuable information for diagnosing and managing respiratory conditions like asthma, as well as monitoring the effectiveness of treatment.

Airway oscillometry is another diagnostic tool used to assess lung function. It measures the resistance and impedance of airflow in the lungs by applying small pressure oscillations during tidal breathing. This technique provides detailed information about the mechanics of airway function, including the elasticity and stiffness of the lungs, as well as the presence of any obstructions or abnormalities.

Spirometry is a common pulmonary function test used to measure the amount (volume) and speed (flow) of air that can be inhaled and exhaled by the lungs.

During spirometry, patients breathe into a device called a spirometer, which measures various parameters such as forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and the ratio of FEV1 to FVC. These measurements provide valuable insights into lung function and help diagnose conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and restrictive lung diseases.

Gold standard spirometry is considered the most accurate and reliable method for assessing lung function. It allows us to objectively evaluate respiratory health, monitor disease progression, and assess the effectiveness of treatment interventions.

Bronchoscopy is a procedure that allows a physician to examine the airways of the lungs using a thin, flexible tube called a bronchoscope. This instrument is inserted through the nose or mouth and passed down the throat into the lungs, providing a direct visual inspection of the airways. Diagnostic bronchoscopy is used to investigate various respiratory conditions, such as persistent cough, unexplained shortness of breath, abnormal chest imaging findings, or suspected lung infections. It allows the physician to visually inspect the bronchial tree, collect tissue samples (biopsies), and perform other diagnostic procedures, such as bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) or endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS).